Now Celebrating 20 Years In Print!
 Operating Techniques For The Tractor-Loader-Backhoe
 Official
training text of the International Union of Operating Engineers
since 1996
Industry
standard for TLB training since 1983
Now
over 300 photos and illustrations for easy comprehension
Specific
new information on the One Call system and its limitations
Expanded
utility chapter includes operator guide to avoiding utility damage
Detailed
examination of the "physics of operation" covering never before
published information
Question
and answer examination for each chapter
Used
by dozens of Training programs throughout North America
 Written
by a professional operator, Operating Techniques For The Tractor-Loader-Backhoe
explains in easy-to-understand terms how to get the maximum productivity
from this highly versatile machine.
The book explains how experienced, veteran
operators plan the job before work begins, cutting wasted movement
to a minimum. You will learn how to work safely in tight job
situations and tackle the really difficult jobs safely and effectively.
The revised edition now covers use of the One Call System to
prevent costly utility damage.
The book is written in an easy to understand
manner and includes over 300 photographs and illustrations,
making it easy for the reader to understand the information.
Since 1983, Operating Techniques For
The Tractor-Loader-Backhoe has been the standard training source
for vocational training schools, utility companies and public works
throughout North America.
8-½" x 11" - 270 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . $38.00
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. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . $300.00
|
Table of Contents |
Chapter 1 |
|
| |
General 1
Weight Distribution 2
Bulldozer 3
Skiploader 3
TLB 3
Universal Forces and Principles 4
Weight 5
Motion 5
Work Motion Cycle 5
Momentum 6
Pitch of Slope 7
General Slope Information 8
Percent 8
Ratio 8
Degrees 9
Ratio 9
Percent 9
Downhill Force - Force Down the Plane
10
Traction 11
Friction 12
Center of Gravity 13
Important Factors Relating to Center of
Gravity 18
Weight of Materials and COG
20
Effect of Slopes on COG 21
Altering Dimensions 21
Truck Loading 23
Attachments 24
COG Wrapup 25
Summary 25
Questions - Chapter 1 TLB Dimensions
26 |
Chapter 2 |
|
| |
Mental requirements
33
Physical Requirements 33
Machine Controls 34
Machine Response 35
Dimensions 35
Mechanical Response 35
Older Machines 36
Loader Control 37
Brakes 37
Danger Areas 37
On the Job 39
Loader Summary 39
Hydralic Control 40
Backhoe Control 40
Backhoe Controls - 4-lever system 40
Backhoe Controls - 3-lever system with
foot swing 41
Backhoe Controls - 2-lever system with
"JD" pattern 42
Backhoe Controls - 2-lever system, excavator
43
Practice Exercises 46
Questions - Chapter 2 Machine Control
48 |
Chapter 3 |
|
| |
#1 Accident
53
Safe Clothing 53
Seat Belt 54
Keep Your Machine Clean 54
Safety Systems 54
Lock-out Safety Devices 55
Parking Safety 55
Worker Safety 55
General TLB Safety 56
Backhoe Accidents 58
TLB Accidents 58
Rollover 59
Excavations 60
Excavation Safety 61
Shoring 62
Sloping 62
Spoil Quantities - Shoring vs. Sloping
63
Transporting Wheeled Machinery 65
Conclusions 66
Questions - Chapter 3 Safety
68 |
Chapter 4 |
|
| |
Operation and Maintenance
Manual 73
Machine Components & Systems
74
Engine 74
Oil
75
Air
75
Fuel 76
Pre-Cleaner 76
Primary Filter 76
Secondary Filter 76
Greasing 77
Warm-Up and Cooldown 79
Machine Life 79
Bucket Changing Tips 80
Questions - Chapter 4 Maintenance
84 |
Chapter 5 |
|
| |
One Call System
90
The Limitations of the One Call System
92
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
92
How to Proceed with the Job 93
The "Four Stages of Alert" 94
Keys to Pipe Detection 94
Variables That Determine Pipe Breakage
95
Investigating Possible Utility Lines
96
Working Range of the TLB When Locating
Utilities 96
Digging Around Utilities 97
Questions - Chapter 5 Utilities 101
|
Chapter 6 |
|
| |
Placement of Spoil
108
Layout 108
Precision Job Layout 109
Job-Planning Tips
109
Questions - Chapter 6 Planning the Job
110 |
Chapter 7 |
|
| |
Tripod Setup 115
The Pivot Method 116
Precision Set-up 117
Set-Up Techniques 120
Conclusion 122
Questions - Chapter 7 Set-up
123 |
Chapter 8 |
|
| |
Precision, Skill,
Concentration 127
Footing Types 127
Layout 128
Precision Digging 129
Elevation Importance and Checking Methods
129
Laborer Involvement 132
Checking the Grade 133
Questions - Chapter 8 Footings 139
|
Chapter 9 |
|
| |
and Cleanup 143
Shuttle Operations 144
Spoil Removal 144
Importance of Excavation Cleanliness
145
Cleanup 145
Questions - Chapter 9 Cleanliness and Cleanup
153 |
Chapter 10 |
Grading and Compaction 157
Top of Page |
| |
Required Skills
157
Grading Techniques 157
Loader Grading Techniques 157
Cutting 159
Filling 160
Fine Cutting Techniques for Hard Ground
161
Finish Grading 163
Backhoe Grading Techniques 168
Compaction 171
Wheel Rolling 172
Jetting 173
Compaction Attachments 175
Questions - Chapter 10 Grading and Compaction
177 |
Chapter 11 |
Backhoe Techniques 181
Top of Page |
| |
Purpose of the Excavation
181
General Trenching Procedure 182
Extendable Dipperstick Procedure.
184
Soft Ground Conditions 186
Hard Ground Conditions 186
Stabilizer Usage and Technique 187
Digging Near a Wall or Fence 188
Digging Against A Wall 191
Specialized Job Tasks 192
Tunneling 192
Potholing 194
Cribbing 196
Cribbing Technique - Railroad Applications
196
Loading Trucks with the Backhoe 197
Material Handling 200
Handling Long Material 200
Land Clearing Procedures 202
Clearing Techniques 202
Stump Removal 204
How to Dig an Arc
205
Tooth Grab Method 207
Crossing Trenches 212
Connecting Trenches 214
Questions - Chapter 11 Backhoe Techniques
215 |
Chapter 12 |
|
| |
Principles of Operation
221
Stability 224
Filling the Bucket 225
Soft Material 227
Hard Material 230
Loading Trucks 230
Stockpiling 233
Ramp Stockpile 233
Related Techniques 235
Shuttle Operations 238
Safety 242
Related Techniques 242
Questions - Chapter 12 Loader Techniques
247 |
Chapter 13 |
|
| |
Preparation and Planning
252
Efficiency of Job Completion 252
Stockpiling 252
Material Separation 253
Backhoe Techniques 253
Prying Method 254
Concrete Breaking 255
Roll-Out Method 255
Breaking Technique 256
Positioning Pieces for Breaking 256
Loading Techniques 257
Loading with the Backhoe 257
Picking Up the Pieces 258
Natural Back-up 259
Positioning the Bucket 261
No Back-up Technique 263
Lifting and Swinging 264
Loading with the Loader 266
Questions - Chapter 13 Demolition
271 |
| |
| |
Appendix A - Natural
Gas Dangers 275
Appendix B - Glossary 277
Appendix C - Index 280
Appendix D - Answer Key 285
ETR Product Guide 297
ETR Order Form 298 |
| |
Index: Operating Techniques for the
Tractor-Loader-Backhoe |
| |
| Accident statistics
58-61
Accidents
backhoe 58
excavation 60-61
loader 58-59
rollover 59-60
Aging TLB 36-37
Air intake system, maintenance 75
Air removal, soil compaction 171
Airborne contamination, engine 76
Airports, locating utilities 92
Alignment, precision digging 117-118
Altering dimensions 21, 224
Angle
of bucket edge 158
of grade 159
Arc, digging 205-206
Arc of swing
digging near wall 191
set-up 117
spoil placement 113-114
Area, choosing
stockpiling 252
truck loading 230
Attachments
affects on COG 24
compaction 175 |
| |
| Back-dragging
clean-up 147
demolition 267
fine grading 166-168
ramp building 233
shuttle operations 144, 239
Backfilling
circular grading pattern 243
compaction 163, 172-175
depth of fill 162
dispersal of material 160, 162-163
grading 157, 160
spoil placement 108
Backhoe
accidents 58
as counterweight 2-3
controls 34, 40-46
digging arcs 205-206
dimensions 2
swing pin placement 192
weight distribution 2-3
Backhoe techniques 181
clearing land 202-205
concrete breaking 255-257
connecting trenches 214
demolition 253-270
digging near wall 188-191
grading 168-171
handling long material 200-201
loading trucks 197-199
loading, demolition 257
positioning the bucket 259-260
positioning the piece 259-261
questions 215-220
stabilizer usage 187
swinging the hoe 168, 170-171
Back-up
importance of 257
in demolition 257
loading against 147, 151-152, 225-26
natural 259
no back-up 263
stabilizers as 263
Base of machine 14-15
vertical line 16
zones 15
Bearings 74
Boom 2
Brake adjustment test 38
Brake response 35
Brakes 74
as control mechanism 37
danger areas 37-38
increasing stability with 39
locked or unlocked 38
Braking
poor 36
skills 39
Braking system, independent 37
Breaking concrete 255-257
Breakout force, loader 221
Breaks, gas line 100
Broken utility pipe 97-100
Brush, clearing 202
Bucket
adjustment 259-260
changing 80-82
contact with utilities 95
greasing joints 78
movement in obstacle detection 94-95
requirements of job 107
Bucket, backhoe
changing tips 80-81
cribbing, size 196
heavy duty 254
natural position 80
pins 80
teeth, changing 82
truck loading, size 197
Bucket, loader
corners, contact 226
filling completely 225
level 159
weight 2
Builder's level, using 129, 132
Bulldozer, center of gravity 3 |
| |
| Canopy, safety 57
Caution zone, TLB base 15
Cave-ins
advance warning 62
excavation 60-61
Center of gravity (COG) 13-25
affects of loads 20, 23
affects of slopes 21
contact surfaces 17
defined 13
location and movement 14
machines 2-4
material 200
movement of 19
TLB attachments 24
vertical line 16
weight transfer 16
zones of safety 15
positions illustrated 18
Centerline of hoe, set up 113
Chain set-ups, craning 192-193
Changing buckets 79-80
Chapter questions
1 26-31
2 48-52
3 68-71
4 84-87
5 101-105
6 110-112
7 123-125
8 139-141
9 153-155
10 177-179
11 215-220
12 247-250
13 271-274
Checking elevation 129, 131-132
Chocks for loading 66
Circular grading patterns 243-245
Clean job site, importance of 143-144
Cleaning trench 182
Cleanliness, job site
for safety 184
grading 157
Cleanliness, machine 54
Cleanup, demolition site 269-270
Cleanup methods
back-dragging 144
dirt surfaces 147
paved surfaces 147, 148-150
pile clean-up 147
sod or lawn surfaces 147
Cleanup tips 149
Clearing area for layout 131
Clearing land, backhoe 202-205
Clearing/cleaning stockpiles 145
Clothing, safe 53
Cold weather starts 79
Color codes, utility markings 90-91
Common sense, using 57, 67
Common slope measurements 8-9
Compaction
attachments 175
excess air and water removal 171
jetting 172-174
optimum water content 172
principles of 171
soil types 171
wheel rolling 172-175
Components, weights of 2
Compression, soil 171-172
Concentration, digging 95
Concrete removal
backhoe, loading with 257
breakout force 254
bucket, heavy duty 254
dropping 255
positioning pieces for breaking
256
prying method 254
roll-out method 255
size of pieces 252, 266
striking 255-256
thickness limitations 257
Conduit, kinks in 206-207
Connecting trenches 214
Constant forces 4-5
Contact surfaces and center of gravity
17
Contamination, engine 75
Control
defined 33
grading 158
material handling 200
TLB 4
Controlled digging, pipe detection 95
Controlling engine RPM 41
Controlling the load, demolition 264
Controls
hydraulic 40
TLB 34
Cool-down, engine 79
Cooling system 74, 76
Coordinating trades 108
Cracks, checking for 77
Craning 192-193
Cribbing 196-197
Crossing trenches 116-118, 212-214
Crowd 2
Cut slopes 9
Cut, surface 182
Cutting
angle of bucket 186-187
angle of grade 159
grading 157-158
starting the cut 159-160 |
| |
| Daily maintenance
76
Damage to utilities, responsibility 91
Damage, preventing 255, 257
Danger zone, TLB base 15
Degree of slope 7
Demolition 251-270
backhoe techniques 253-270
concrete 253-263
efficiency 252
loading techniques 258-270
material separation 253
one-step method 252
questions 271-274
site cleanup 269-270
specialized operation 251
stockpiling 252-253
Department of Industrial Relations (CA),
accident statistics 58-61
Depth of fill 162
Depth of trench
utility lines 184
measuring 132
Diesel engine requirements 79
Differential 74
Digging
against banks 192
arcs 205-206
around utilities 90, 96-100
controlled 95
motion, learning 46
near a wall 188-191
planning sequence 108
set-up 190
swing 190
trench-type footings 135-137
with offset hoe 190
Dimensions
altering 224
definition 1
know for loading 66
machine response 35
TLB 1-6
Dipperstick, extendable 184-186, 195
Dipping water 47
Direction of fall, tree clearing 203-204
Dirt surfaces, clean-up 147
Dirty fuel 76
Disaster zone, TLB base 15
Dispersing fill material 160, 162-163
Downhill force, defined 10
Drainage slope 8
Dressing slopes 65
Drift pin 80
Driveway grading 168, 170
Driving forces, in traction 222 |
| |
| Ear protection 54
Earth movement, detecting underground utilities
95
Earthmoving 181
Electro-hydraulic controls 43
Elements of stability 13
Elevation, precision digging 129
Engine
contamination 75
maintenance 74-79
response 35
speed, controlling 41-42
warm-up/cool-down 79
Equipment inspection 54
Excavation 181
cleanup 145
compaction 175
footings, pier 128
hazards 60-61
planning 184
precision 117-119
safety 61-62
using hand tools 91
Excavations, locating previous 95
Exercises, backhoe practice 46
Exit route, planning for 127
Extendable dipperstick 184-186 |
| |
| Factors affecting
center of gravity 13
Farms, locating utilities 92
Fatalities, TLB 57
Feathering 43, 46
50 percent slope 9
Fill material, dispersing 160, 162-163
Filling
circular grading pattern 243
compaction 163
depth of fill 162
dispersal of material 160, 162-163
grading 157, 160-163
spoil placement 108
Filters, changing 75
Fine cutting techniques 160
Fine grading, trench bottom 182
Finish grading
back-dragging 166-168
backhoe 168-171
technique 164-165, 169
Fittings, greasing 78
Float position, bucket 159, 164, 168
Floating the bucket 46
locating utilities 95
Flow control valves 42
Fluid levels, checking 77
Footings 127
digging 117
pier, set-ups for 120-122
precision digging 130
questions 139-141
trench-type 135-137
undermining 62, 190
Force
downhill 10
momentum 6
Force down the plane 10
Forces
machine made 5-6
man made 6
natural 5
universal 4
Four stages of alert 94
Four-lever control system, backhoe 40,
46
Four-wheel drive TLB 36
Friction
defined 12
overcoming 12
Front loader bucket, tripod set-up 113
Front wheel traction, reduced 39
Front wheels off ground 39
Front-end light situations 39
Fuel-injection system, maintaining 76 |
| |
| Gas line, breaks in
100
Geometry, TLB 186-187
Glasses, safety 57
Grade 7
checking 132-133
Grade checker, hand signals 133
Gradient 7
slope measurements 8
Grading 157-170
backhoe 168-171
cut and fill 157
cutting 159-160
filling 160-163
finish 158, 169
on slopes 157
rough 157-158
skills 157
techniques 157
trench bottom 182
Grading and compaction, questions 177-179
Gravity flow trench 184
Grease cartridges, changing 78
Greasing TLB
changing cartridges 78
intervals 77
tips 79
Grooming
bucket 240
pile 147, 151-152
Gross weight, TLB 2
Ground conditions
affect on traction 222
hard 186-187
risk of cave-ins 61
soft 186 |
| |
| Hammering bucket 80
Hand-dig zone 91
Hand labor
around utilities 96-97
cleaning trench 132-134
Hand signals, grade checker 133
Hand throttle, setting 41
Hard hats 57
Hard material
loader techniques 230
loosening with backhoe 200
Hard soil, cutting 160-161
Heavy-duty bucket 254
Heavy equipment, physics of 4-25
Height, TLB 2
Hinge pin 80
Hoe assembly 2
Hoe-ram
compaction 175
demolition 253
Hoses and fittings, maintenance 76
Hydraulic controls 35, 40
Hydraulic forces, in traction 222
Hydraulic power 6
Hydraulic response 35
Hydraulic system 74
changes in 79
checking fluids in 77, 79
damage 257
warming up 79
Hydraulics
basic principle 40
power 40
valves 40
worn mechanisms 37
Hydro-hammer 253, 257 |
| |
| Industrial parks,
locating utilities 92
Injuries
caused by TLB 57
operator 56
Input shafts 74
Inspecting equipment 54
Inspection, daily 77 |
| |
| Jack hammer 253, 257
Jetting 172-174
Job planning 107-109
tips 109
Job site cleanliness 143-144
Job site cleanliness and cleanup, questions
153-155
Joints, greasing 78
Jump-starting machines, dangers 55 |
| |
| Labor, hand 132-134
around utilities 96-97
Land clearing, backhoe 202-205
Large material, loading 268
Lawn surfaces, clean-up 147
Layout
clearing area 131
excavation 107-109
importance of 128-129
Layout lines 129
Leaks, checking for 77
Legal requirements, One Call System 91
Length, TLB 2
Level 8
final grade 184
Leveling the site 158
Lift forces, loader 221
Lifting and swinging, backhoe 264-265
Lifting with no back-up 263
Lifts 171
Linkage pin 80
Load height, affect on stability 224-225
Load stabilization 39
Load weight, in traction 222
Loader
accidents 58-59
driving torque 223
lift 223
principles of operation 221-222
traction 221-222
weight 224
Loader arm service lock 54
Loader assembly, weight 2
Loader controls 34, 37
Loader technique 221-246
back-ups 225-226
corners of bucket 226
demolition 266-268
grading patterns 243
hard material 230
loading trucks 231
questions 247-250
shuttle operations 238-240
soft material 227-229
stockpiling 233
Loading and transporting TLB 65
Loading, preventing damage 231
Loading trucks 23
avoiding damage 199
backhoe techniques 197-199
demolition 258-270
loader techniques 226, 231
patterns 232
pit style 197-198
selecting area 230
weight distribution 231
while digging 197-198
wind considerations 230
Loads, affect on center of gravity 20,
23
Location/movement of center of gravity
14
Locked brakes, dangers 37
Lockout safety devices 55
Long material, handling 200-201
Lubricants 74 |
| |
| Machine
component maintenance 74
mastering total usage 221
preventing abuse 255, 257
Machine control
questions 48-52
mastering 33
Machine life, prolonging 79-80
Machine made forces 5
Machine response 35
poor 36
Machine set-up 113
digging near wall 190
footings 120-122
Machine specifications, operator's manual
73
Machine systems, maintenance 74
Maintenance, TLB
daily 76
fluid levels 77
greasing 77-79
importance of operator's manual 73
intervals 73
machine components/systems 74
poor 36-37
results of poor habits 82-83
schedules 74
Maneuverability, increasing 39
Maneuvering, controlled 39-40
Manual, operation and maintenance 73
Manuals, operator 34
Manufacturers' specifications 66
Manufacturing plants, locating utilities
92
Marking
excavation 90, 108
utilities 90-91
Markings, layout 129
Material handling, backhoe 200-201, 207
Material separation, demolition 253
Measurements, slope 8-9
Mechanical response 35
Mental requirements, operator 33
Mobile home parks, locating utilities 92
Momentum
controlling 7
defined 6
Motion
defined 5
work cycle 6
Movement of center of gravity 19
Movement, unwanted 36
Moving earth 181 |
| |
| Natural back-ups 259
Natural physical forces 5
Notification requirements, One Call System
90 |
| |
| Obstacles
detection 95
maneuvering around 46
tilting machine to avoid 188, 190
Offset hoe 190
Oil fill plug, maintaining 75
Oil service 75
Older machines 36-37
One Call Notification Center 90
One Call System 90
limitations 92
required users 91-92
One percent slope 8
One-step method, demolition 252
100 percent slope 9
133 percent slope 9
Open area smoothness 46
Opening hydraulic valves 42-43
Operation and Maintenance manual 73
importance of 34
maintenance schedules in 73
Operational controls/procedures 73
Operator control, tripod set-up 113
Operator fatigue 143-144
Operator skills 33
grading 157
locating utilities 93
TLB 1
Operator's responsibility 25
cave-in warning 62
damage control 46
grading 158
lifting and swinging 264
material handling 200
safety 56-57, 184
Optimum water content, compaction 172
OSHA regulations 61
Outer casing 74
Output shafts 74
Outriggers 187
Overstressing older machines 37 |
| |
| Parking safety, TLB
55
Pavement breaker, pneumatic 253, 257
Pavement, clean-up 147, 148-150
Percent, slope 8
Permits for transporting 66
Physical forces, natural 5
Physical requirements, operator 33
Physics of weight/motion 5
Physics of heavy equipment 4-25
Pier footings
precision digging 120-122
requirements 128
Pile clean-up 147
Pin removal procedure 81
Pins, bucket 80
Pipe
breakage variables 95
keys to detection 94-95
monitoring positions 96
reporting damage 100
Pit style loading 197-198
Pitch of slope
defined 7
illustrated 9
Pivot method
footings 128
set-up 116-118
Pivot procedure 116
Placement of spoil
avoiding cave-ins 61
planning 107-108
trench sloping 65
Planning the job
demolition 252
excavations 181
questions 110-112
tips 109
Poor maintenance habits 82-83
Position of center of gravity 18
Positioning of weight 2, 5
Potholing 194-195
Power with extendable dipperstick 185
Practice exercises, backhoe 46
Precise excavation 184
Precision
control 46-47
digging, footings 130
layout 108-109
set-up 117-119
Pre-cleaner 75
Pre-operation procedures 77
Preparing work area 145-146
Primary filter 75
Principles, universal 4
Private property, locating utilities 92-93
Procedures, pre-operation 77
Protective guards/panels, machine 54
Public property, locating utilities 92-93
Pulling force, maximum 186
Push-pull method, clearing 203, 205 |
| |
| Questions
Chapter 1 26-31
Chapter 2 48-51
Chapter 3 68-71
Chapter 4 84-87
Chapter 5 101-105
Chapter 6 110-112
Chapter 7 123-125
Chapter 8 139-141
Chapter 9 153-155
Chapter 10 177-179
Chapter 11 215-220
Chapter 12 247-250
Chapter 13 271-274 |
| |
| Radar, shuttle operations
240-241
Railroad applications, cribbing 196
Ramp
loading 66
stockpile 233
Ramp building technique 234
Ratio, slope 8
Reach, extendable dipperstick 184
Reference markers 109
Reinforcing steel, in concrete 163
Requirements, TLB operator 33
Response, machine 35
Responsibility of operator
cave-in warning 62
damage control 46
grading 158
lifting and swinging 264
material handling 200
safety 57, 184
Restrictions to movement 46
Reverse, travel 242
Road grading 242-243
Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) 54,
57
Rollover accidents 13, 59-60
RPM
controlling 41
normal operation 42
Rural land, utilities on 92 |
| |
| Safe zone, TLB base
15
Safety
backhoe 58
clean job site 143-144
daily maintenance of TLB 76
gas line breaks 100
general 53-57
measures 184
operator's manual 73
pitch of slope 7
questions 68-71
TLB 4-5
traveling in reverse 242
tripod set-up 113, 115
understanding center of gravity
13
Safety guidelines
mount and dismount 53
operator 56
TLB operation 56-57
Safety systems, TLB 54
Sanding a trench 246
Schedules, maintenance 73-74
Scope of work, determining 107
Scraping 160
Sealed components 74
Seat belts 54
Secondary filter 75
Service
air intake system 74-75
oil 75
Service lock, loader arm 54
Set-up
digging near wall 190
footings 120-122
moving to next 183
pivot method 116-118
precision 117-119
questions 123-125
sample techniques 120-121
TLB 113-122
tripod 113, 187
truck loading 199
75 percent slope 9
Sewer line installations 195
Sheet flow drainage, slope 8
Shoes, safety 57
Shoring
conditions affecting 62
requirements 61
Shutoff valves, locating 100
Shuttle operations 144
Shuttle operations, loader
bucket volume 240
direction of travel 241
efficiency 239
length of travel 239
obstacles 240-241
radar 240-241
route 239
safety 242
using corners 241
Side-shift hoe 190
Site hazards 57
Skills, operator 1, 33
Skiploader, center of gravity 3
Slope
affects on center of gravity 21
measuring 7-9
negative 188
pitch 7
Slopes
grading 157
ramp 233
stability 224-225
Sloping, trench
inadequate 60-61
procedures 65
ratio 62
safety 184
spoil quantities 63-65
Smooth grade, working on 144
Smooth operation, importance of 40, 42-45
Smoothing slopes 65, 184
Smoothness
exercises for 46-47
open area 46
Sod surfaces, clean-up 147
Soft material, loader techniques 227-229
Soft soil, cutting 160
Soil conditions
contributing to accidents 60
detecting underground utilities
95
ease of work 46
grading 160, 166
hazardous 61
shoring requirements 62
truck loading 197
Soil types, compaction 171
Soils engineer, working with 171
Spoil piles, clearing/cleaning 145
Spoil placement
avoiding cave-ins 61
footings 128
grading 161
planning 107-108, 181
stockpiling 144, 160
trench sloping 65
Spoil quantities, sloping 63-65
Spoil removal 144
trench 182
Spoil transport, using the trench 210-211
Stability
affects of weight transfer 16-18
extendable dipperstick 185
importance of 13
load height 224-225
slope 224-225
tripod set-up 113, 115
Stabilizers
using 187
width 2, 188
Stabilizing TLB 21-22
Stacking method, loading concrete 262
Stages of alert 94
Start-up lockout devices 55
Steering response 36
Stick 2
Stockpiles, clearing/cleaning 145
Stockpiling concrete 252, 266-267
Stockpiling dirt
access 233
back-ups 233, 225-226
condensing 235-238
moving 235-238
procedure 233
ramp 233
spoil 144, 158
Stockpiling spoil, setting up for 113
Stomper 253, 257
Story pole 132
Striking, concrete breaking 255-256
Stump removal, backhoe 204-205
Surface cut 182
Swing drift, TLB 36
Swing pin, placement 192
Swinging the backhoe 168, 170-171
Systems maintenance 74 |
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| Teeth, bucket 82
Ten percent gradient slope 9
Testing a load 265
Testing, soil density 171
Thickness limitations, concrete breaking
257
Three-lever control system, backhoe 41
Tie-downs for transporting 66
Tight situations, operating in 39, 46
Tilting the machine 188, 190
Tire pressure 77
traction 222
TLB dimensions, questions 26-31
TLB maintenance, questions 84-87
Tolerance zone, utilities 91
Tooth grab method
backhoe techniques 207-209
clearing land 202
Topsoil, wet 147
Torque 5-6
driving 223
Traction
defined 11
factors affecting 222
increasing 39
loss of 39
needed for 12
Tractor-loader backhoe (TLB)
attachments and center of gravity
24
base of machine 14-15
center of gravity 3
characteristics of older models
36
compacting soil 172-176
components 2
cutting techniques 159-160
dimensions 2-6
downhill forces 11
maintenance 73-83
mastering machine control 33
operator responsibility 25
operator skills 1, 33
parking safety 55
pre-operation procedures 77
prolonging machine life 79-80
safety systems 54
safety tips 56-57
sample set-up techniques 120-121
set-up 113-122
stability 13, 16-17
uses 1
variations in design 36
weight distribution 2-5
working weight 4, 5
Tractor, weight 2
Trades, coordinating with 108
Transmission 74
response 35
Transporting TLB 65
Traveling in reverse 242
Tree clearing
backhoe 202-205
direction of fall 203-204
larger trees 203-204
push-pull method 203, 205
saplings 202
swing 200
wind 203
Trench
compacting 175
connecting 214
crossing 212-214
digging in stages 210-211
moving set-up 183
sanding 246
shoring requirements 62
signs of utilities 95
spoil removal 182
used for spoil transport 210-211
Trench sloping, illustrated 64
Trench-type footings 120-122, 127, 135-137
Trenching procedure 182-183
extendable dipperstick 185
Tripod set-up
advantages 113
backhoe 187
problems 115
Trough, grading 160
Truck damage, avoiding 199, 231
Truck loading 23
avoiding damage 199, 231
backhoe techniques 197-199
demolition 258-270
loader techniques 226-229, 231
patterns 232
pit style 197-197
preventing damage 231
selecting area 230
weight distribution 231
while digging 197-199
wind considerations 230
Tunneling 192-194
20 percent gradient slope 9
Two-lever control system, backhoe 42-43,
46
Two percent slope 8
Two-pin bucket attachment 80
Two-wheel drive TLB 36 |
| |
| Underground utility
lines 89-90
broken 97-100
detecting 95
digging around 96-100
problems locating 93
public/private property 92-93
Undermining footings 62, 190
Universal forces/principles
center of gravity 13
downhill force 10
friction 12
momentum 6
motion 5
pitch of slope 7
traction 11-12
understanding 4
weight 5
Unlocked breaks, dangers 38
Utilities
on public property 92-93
planning around 107
questions 101-105
underground 89-100 |
| |
| Valves, opening/closing
42-43
Variable forces 4-5
Vertical line (center of gravity) 16
Vertical slopes 9
Very close to level 8
Vibrations, affect on shoring 62
Vibrator, compaction 175 |
| |
| Warm-up, engine 79
Water dipping 47
locating utilities 95
Water removal, soil compaction 171
Wear, checking for 77
Weather conditions, shoring requirements
62
Weight
defined 5
distribution 160
distribution, TLB 2-5
working 4, 5
Weight distribution 13
accident prevention 60
Weight of materials, affect on center of
gravity 20
Weight transfer and center of gravity 16
Weight, using to grade 166
Wheels off ground, front 39
Width, TLB 2
Work area, preparing 145-146
Work motion cycle 6
Worker safety, general rules 55-56
Working range
backhoe 258
dipperstick 184-186
detecting utilities 96
Working weight, TLB 4, 5 |
| |
| Zone, tolerance 91 |
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